I-Fugitive Emissions kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-API yamaValves

Buka Isithombe Esikhulu
Izinto ezikhishwayo eziphumayo zingamagesi aphilayo aguquguqukayo avuza kumavalvu anomfutho.Lokhu kukhishwa kungase kube ngengozi, ngenxa yokuhwamuka noma ngenxa yamavalvu anephutha.

Ukukhishwa kwegesi ekhishwayo akugcini nje ngokubangela ukulimala kwabantu nendawo ezungezile kodwa futhi kubangela usongo ekwenzeni inzuzo.Ngokuchayeka isikhathi eside kumakhemikhali aphilayo aguquguqukayo, abantu bangaba nezifo ezibucayi ezingokomzimba.Lokhu kufaka phakathi izisebenzi ezitshalweni ezithile noma abantu abahlala eduze.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ulwazi olumayelana nendlela ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ephuma ngayo.Lokhu kuzophinde kubhekane nezivivinyo ze-API kanye nokuthi yini okufanele yenziwe ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela yezinkinga ezinjalo zokuvuza.

Imithombo Yokuphuma Kwama-Fugitive Emissions

Ama-valve ayizimbangela eziphezulu zokukhishwa kwe-Fugitive Emissions
Amavalvu ezimboni kanye nezingxenye zawo, ezikhathini eziningi, yizona zinkinga ezinkulu zokuphuma kwezimboni.Ama-valve alayini afana neglobhu namavalvu esango ayizinhlobo zamavalvu ezivame kakhulu ezithambekele kusimo.

Lawa ma-valve asebenzisa isiqu esikhuphukayo noma esijikelezayo ukuze avale futhi avale.Lezi zindlela zikhiqiza ukungqubuzana okwengeziwe.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amajoyinti axhunywe nama-gaskets namasistimu okupakisha ayizingxenye ezivamile lapho ukukhishwa okunjalo kwenzeka khona.

Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi ama-valve aqondile abiza kakhulu, asetshenziswa kaningi kunezinye izinhlobo zama-valve.Lokhu kwenza la ma-valve abe nempikiswano maqondana nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

Iziqu Zamavaluvu Zinomthelela Ekukhiqizweni Kwezinto Ezingabaleki

Ukukhishwa okuphumayo okuvela eziqwini zama-valve cishe kungama-60% wesamba esikhishwa imboni ethile yezimboni.Lokhu kufakwe ocwaningweni olwenziwe yi-University of British Columbia.Ingqikithi yenani lama-valve eziqu lihambisana nephesenti elikhulu elishiwo ocwaningweni.

Ama-valve Packings Angase Futhi Abe Nesandla Ekukhiqizweni Kwezinto Ezingabaleki

Ubunzima bokulawula ukukhishwa kwegesi okubalekayo nakho kusekupakisheni.Ngenkathi amaphakethe amaningi enamathela futhi edlula i-API Standard 622 ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, amaningi ayahluleka ngesikhathi sesimo sangempela.Kungani?Ukupakisha kukhiqizwa ngokuhlukana nomzimba we-valve.

Kungase kube khona umehluko omncane wobukhulu phakathi kokupakisha kanye ne-valve.Lokhu kungaholela ekuvuzeni.Ezinye izici okufanele zicatshangelwe eceleni kobukhulu zihlanganisa ukulingana nokuqedwa kwe-valve.

Izindlela Ezihlukile Ze-Petroleum Nazo Ziyizigebengu

Ukukhishwa kwegesi okubalekayo akwenzeki kuphela ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwamagesi embonini yezimboni.Eqinisweni, ukukhishwa kwegesi okuphumayo kwenzeka kuyo yonke imijikelezo yokukhiqizwa kwegesi.

Ngokwe-A Close Look at Fugitive Methane Emissions from Natural Gas, “ukukhishwa kwegesi yemvelo kukhulu futhi kwenzeka kuzo zonke izigaba zomjikelezo wokuphila kwegesi yemvelo, kusukela ekukhiqizeni ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa, ukucutshungulwa, ukudluliswa kanye nokusatshalaliswa.”

Yiziphi Amazinga Aqondile we-API Okukhishwa Kwezimboni Ezibalekile?

I-American Petroleum Institute (API) ingesinye sezigungu ezilawulayo ezihlinzeka ngamazinga ezimboni zegesi yemvelo nezowoyela.Yakheka ngo-1919, amazinga e-API angeminye yezinkombandlela ezihamba phambili zayo yonke into ehlobene nezimboni ze-petrochemical.Ngamazinga angaphezu kuka-700, i-API isanda kunikeza izindinganiso ezithile zokukhishwa okuphumayo okuhlobene nama-valve nokupakishwa kwawo.

Yize kukhona ukuhlola okuphumayo okutholakalayo, amazinga amukelwa kakhulu okuhlolwa lawo angaphansi kwe-API.Nazi izincazelo ezinemininingwane ze-API 622, API 624 kanye ne-API 641.

I-API 622

Lokhu kubizwa ngenye indlela i-API 622 Type Testing of Process Valve Packing for Fugitive Emissions

Leli izinga le-API lokupakishwa kwamavalvu kumavalvu avuliwe anesiqu esikhuphukayo noma esijikelezayo.

Lokhu kunquma ukuthi ukupakisha kungavimbela ukukhishwa kwamagesi.Kunezindawo ezine zokuhlola:
1. Lingakanani izinga lokuvuza
2. I-valve imelana kanjani nokugqwala
3. Yiziphi izinto ezisetshenziswa ekupakisheni
4. Kuyini ukuhlolwa kwe-oxidation

Ukuhlolwa, okusanda kushicilelwa ngo-2011 futhi kusalungiswa, kuhlanganisa imijikelezo engu-1,510 yemishini enemijikelezo yokushisa engu-5000F emihlanu kanye nengcindezi yokusebenza ye-psig engu-600.

Imijikelezo yemishini isho ukuvuleka okugcwele kuya ekuvaleni ngokugcwele kwe-valve.Kuleli qophelo, ukuvuza kwegesi yokuhlola kuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile.

Esinye sezibuyekezo zakamuva ze-API 622 Testing udaba lwamavalvu e-API 602 nama-603.Lawa ma-valve ane-valve epakishwayo ewumngcingo futhi ayevame ukuhluleka ekuhlolweni kwe-API 622.Ukuvuza okuvunyelwe yizingxenye ezingama-500 ngevolumu eyisigidi (ppmv).

I-API 624

Lokhu kubizwa ngenye indlela i-API 624 Type Testing of Rising Stem Valve Ifakwe I-Flexible Graphite Packing for Fugitive Emissions Standard.Leli zinga liyini izimfuneko zokuhlolwa kokuphuma kombaleki kukho kokubili isiqu esikhuphukayo namavalvu esiqu ajikelezayo.Lawa ma-stem valves kufanele afake ukupakisha osekuvele kudlule i-API Standard 622.

Ama-stem valves ahlolwayo kufanele awele phakathi kwebanga elamukelekile lika-100 ppmv.Ngokunjalo, i-API 624 inemijikelezo yemishini engu-310 kanye nemijikelezo emithathu ye-5000F ezungezile.Qaphela, ama-valve angaphezu kwe-NPS 24 noma ngaphezulu kune-class 1500 awafakiwe kububanzi bokuhlola be-API 624.

Ukuhlolwa kuwukwehluleka uma ukuvuza kwe-stem seal kudlula i-100 ppmv.I-valve ye-stem ayivunyelwe ukulungisa ukuvuza ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa.

I-API 641

Lokhu kubizwa ngenye indlela i-API 624 Quarter Turn Valve FE Test.Leli izinga elisha elithuthukiswe i-API elimboza amavalvu omndeni wamavalvu wekota.Enye yemibandela okuvunyelenwe ngayo yaleli zinga yibanga eliphezulu elingu-100 ppmv lokuvuza okuvumelekile.Okunye okungaguquki yi-API 641 ukujikeleza kwekota ye-610.

Kumavalvu e-quarter turn ane-graphite packing, kufanele kudlule ukuhlolwa kwe-API 622 kuqala.Kodwa-ke, uma ukupakisha kufakwe kumazinga e-API 622, lokhu kungabikezela ukuhlolwa kwe-API 622.Isibonelo isethi yokupakisha eyenziwe nge-PTFE.

Amavalvu ahlolwe kupharamitha ephezulu: 600 psig.Ngenxa yokwehluka kwezinga lokushisa, kunamasethi amabili okulinganisa asetshenziselwa izinga lokushisa lamavalvu:
● Amavalvu anesilinganiso esingaphezu kuka-5000F
● Amavalvu alinganiselwe ngaphansi kuka-5000F

I-API 622 vs API 624

Kungase kube nokudideka okuthile phakathi kwe-API 622 ne-API 624. Kule ngxenye, qaphela umehluko omncane phakathi kwalokhu kokubili.
● Inani lemijikelezo yemishini ehilelekile
● I-API 622 KUPHELA ibandakanya ukupakisha;kanti, i-API 624 ibandakanya ivalvu KUBANDAKANYA nokupakisha
● Ububanzi bokuvuza okuvumelekile (500 ppmv ye-API 622 kanye no-100 ppmv kokuthi 624)
● Ukulungiswa kwenombolo okuvunyelwe (okukodwa kwe-API 622 futhi akukho ku-API 624)

Indlela Yokunciphisa Ukukhishwa Kwezimboni Ezibalekile

Ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni engabaleki kungavinjelwa ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wokukhishwa kwamavalvu endaweni ezungezile.

#1 Shintsha Amavavu Aphelelwe Isikhathi

Ama-valve ashintsha njalo.Qinisekisa ukuthi ama-valve alandela izindinganiso nemithetho yakamuva.Ngokunakekelwa njalo nokuhlolwa, kulula ukubona ukuthi yikuphi okufanele kushintshwe.

#2 Ukufakwa Kwevalvu Okufanelekile kanye Nokuqapha Okuqhubekayo

Ukufakwa okungafanele kwama-valve nakho kungabangela ukuvuza.Qasha ochwepheshe abanamakhono aphezulu abakwazi ukufaka amavalvu ngendlela efanele.Ukufakwa kwamavalvu ngendlela efanele nakho kungathola isistimu yokuvuza okungenzeka.Ngokugadwa njalo, amavalvu okungenzeka avuze noma okungenzeka ukuthi avuleke ngengozi angatholakala kalula.

Kufanele kube nokuhlolwa okujwayelekile kokuvuza okukala inani lomhwamuko okhishwa amavalvu.Izimboni ezisebenzisa ama-valve zenze izivivinyo ezithuthukisiwe zokuthola ukukhishwa kwama-valve:
● Indlela 21
Lokhu kusebenzisa umtshina we-ionization womlilo ukuhlola ukuvuza
● I-Optimal Gas Imaging (OGI)
Lokhu kusebenzisa ikhamera ye-infrared ukuze kutholwe ukuvuza esitshalweni
● I-Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL)
Lokhu kungathola ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kude.

#3 Izinketho Zokugcina Zokuvimbela

Ukuqapha ukugcinwa kokuvimbela kungakhomba izinkinga ngama-valve ezigabeni zokuqala.Lokhu kunganciphisa izindleko zokulungisa i-valve enephutha.

Kungani Kunesidingo Sokunciphisa Ukukhishwa Kwezinto Ezibalekile?

Izikhiqizo ezikhishwayo ziyimbangela enkulu yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke.Yiqiniso, kunenhlangano esebenzayo enethemba lokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi.Kodwa ngemva kokuqashelwa kwayo cishe iminyaka eyikhulu kusukela yaqashelwa, amazinga okungcoliswa komoya asephezulu .

Njengoba isidingo samandla emhlabeni wonke sikhula, isidingo sokufuna ezinye izindlela esikhundleni sikaphethiloli wamalahle kanye nezimbiwa phansi naso siyakhula.

Umthombo: https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions

I-methane ne-ethane kugqama njengezinye izindlela ezisebenziseka kakhulu esikhundleni sikaphethiloli wamalahle namalahle.Kuyiqiniso ukuthi maningi amandla njengemithombo yamandla kulaba ababili.Nokho, i-methane, ikakhulukazi, inamandla okufudumala aphindwe izikhathi ezingu-30 kuneCO2.

Lesi yimbangela ye-alamu kubo bobabili abezemvelo kanye nezimboni ezisebenzisa le nsiza.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwe-valve kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa ama-valve ezimbonini asezingeni eliphezulu futhi avunyelwe yi-API.

Umthombo: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/1180.pdf

Ngokufigqiwe

Akungabazeki ukuthi ama-valve ayizingxenye ezibalulekile zanoma yiluphi uhlelo lwezimboni.Nokho, ama-valve awenziwa njengengxenye eyodwa eqinile;kunalokho, lakhiwe izingxenye.Ubukhulu balezi zingxenye kungenzeka bungalingani ngo-100% kwezinye, okuholela ekuvuzeni.Lokhu kuvuza kungabangela ukulimala kwemvelo.Ukuvimbela ukuvuza okunjalo kuwumsebenzi obalulekile wanoma yimuphi umsebenzisi wamavalvu.